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The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate )〕 that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).〔(Delhi Sultanate ), Encyclopedia Britannica〕〔A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980〕 Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of which were of Turkic origin: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori, was the first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty conquered large areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most of central India, but both failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. This sultanate also is noted for being one of the few states to repel an attack from the Mongol Empire,〔Pradeep Barua ''The State at War in South Asia'', ISBN 978-0803213449, p. 29-30〕 and enthroned one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana from 1236 to 1240.〔Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ISBN 978-0691134840, Princeton University Press〕 The Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, during the Tughlaq dynasty, covering most of Indian subcontinent.〔 The sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-Muslim wars, and kingdoms such as Vijayanagara Empire re-asserting their independence as well as new Muslim sultanates such as Bengal Sultanate breaking off.〔Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0, pp 187-190〕〔Vincent A Smith, , Chapter 2, Oxford University Press〕 The Delhi Sultanate caused destruction and desecration of ancient temples of South Asia,〔Richard Eaton(2000), (Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States ), Journal of Islamic Studies, 11(3), pp 283-319〕 as well as led to the emergence of Indo-Islamic architecture.〔A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp 311-322〕〔J. A. Page, (Guide to the Qutb ), Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7〕 In 1526, it fell and was replaced by the Mughal Empire. ==Background== By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia and Persia.〔See: *M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978-9004177581, Brill *Richards J. F. (1974), The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91-109 *Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar - Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978-9004083417, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat〕 Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.〔 Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.〔T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600-1947, (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp 5-7〕〔Barnett, Lionel (1999), , Atlantic pp. 73–79〕 The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni, plundering and looting these kingdoms.〔Richard Davis (1994), Three styles in looting India, History and Anthropology, 6(4), pp 293-317, 〕 The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173.〔MUHAMMAD B. SAM Mu'izz AL-DIN, T.W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E.van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993)〕 He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world, a tradition common among the warring orthodox (Sunni) and heterodox (Shia) warlords in West and Central Asia since the 9th century onwards.〔〔C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp 161-170〕 Mu’izz sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate.〔 Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al-Din in South Asia by that time.〔(History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline ) Columbia University (2010)〕 Mu'izz al-Din was assassinated in 1206, by Ismāʿīlī Shia Muslims in some accounts or by Hindu Khokhars in others.〔(Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2011)〕 After the assassination, one of Mu’izz slaves (or Mamluk, Arabic: مملوك), the Turkic Qutbu l-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.〔Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521543293, pp 3-30〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Delhi Sultanate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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